Get Free Ebook An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner
An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner. Is this your spare time? Just what will you do after that? Having extra or leisure time is quite impressive. You could do everything without pressure. Well, we mean you to save you couple of time to review this publication An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner This is a god publication to accompany you in this downtime. You will certainly not be so difficult to recognize something from this book An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner A lot more, it will certainly aid you to obtain better details as well as encounter. Even you are having the terrific jobs, reviewing this e-book An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner will not add your thoughts.
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner
Get Free Ebook An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner
An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner In fact, publication is actually a home window to the globe. Even many people might not such as checking out publications; the books will always give the exact info about reality, fiction, experience, experience, politic, religious beliefs, and more. We are below a site that provides compilations of books more than the book store. Why? We give you great deals of numbers of connect to obtain guide An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner On is as you need this An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner You could discover this book effortlessly right here.
This book An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner deals you far better of life that could develop the quality of the life more vibrant. This An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner is just what the people now require. You are below and you may be exact and also certain to get this book An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner Never ever question to obtain it even this is merely a book. You can get this book An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner as one of your collections. However, not the compilation to display in your bookshelves. This is a precious book to be checking out compilation.
Just how is to make sure that this An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner will not shown in your bookshelves? This is a soft file publication An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner, so you could download An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner by acquiring to obtain the soft file. It will relieve you to read it each time you require. When you really feel careless to move the published publication from home to workplace to some place, this soft file will alleviate you not to do that. Due to the fact that you can just save the information in your computer unit and gizmo. So, it allows you read it almost everywhere you have determination to check out An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner
Well, when else will you discover this possibility to obtain this publication An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner soft file? This is your excellent possibility to be below and also get this fantastic publication An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner Never ever leave this publication before downloading this soft data of An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner in web link that we offer. An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence And Legal Reasoning), By Anne Von Der Lieth Gardner will truly make a large amount to be your best friend in your lonely. It will be the very best companion to boost your business and also pastime.
Law and legal reasoning are a natural target for artificial intelligence systems. Like medical diagnosis and other tasks for expert systems, legal analysis is a matter of interpreting data in terms of higher-level concepts. But in law the data are more like those for a system aimed at understanding natural language: they tell a story about human events that may lead to a lawsuit. Statements of the law, too, are written in natural language and legal arguments are often arguments about what that language means or ought to mean.
This study is one of the few research efforts in this fertile area. It is unique in developing a computational model for analyzing legal problems in a way that brings these strands of AI research together and makes sense from a jurisprudential perspective as well.
Gardner first analyzes several positions in Anglo-American jurisprudence and their relevance for work in artificial intelligence. She identifies aspects of legal reasoning that any truly expert system in law must make a place for and suggests a way of decomposing the process of legal analysis that takes these aspects into account. She compares the resulting framework with those used by other legal analysis programs. A solid exposition of current AI techniques follows in chapters covering the author's system (written in Maclisp) for offer and acceptance problems, taken from law examinations, involved in contract law.
Anne von der Lieth Gardner has a law degree and a Ph.D. in computer science, both from Stanford University. An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning inaugurates the series Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Processes and Models of Legal Reasoning, edited by L. Thorne McCarty and Edwina L. Rissland. A Bradford Book.
- Sales Rank: #1446279 in Books
- Published on: 1987-05-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 239 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Of historical importance
By Dr. Lee D. Carlson
To design a machine that can engage in legal reasoning has been of great interest in the field of artificial intelligence and in some schools of jurisprudence. This goal has not been achieved to the satisfaction of all those involved in building legal reasoning machines, but some progress has been made. This book, which is widely cited by those working in legal artificial intelligence, was one of the few at the time of publication that gave a fresh approach to the problem.
When reading the book it is apparent that many questions must be answered before a successful legal machine can be constructed. These include: How does one apply a rule to the stated facts of a legal case? Is there a demarcation between the conclusions that can be reached using ordinary logical deduction and those arrived at by the discretion of the judge? Can a machine analyze full and encapsulate in its knowledge base the concepts of wisdom and justice? How does the language of rules connect with the language in which facts are stated? What kinds of predicates are to be used only in the antecedents of rules? If the descriptions and examples are only `usually fairly good,' when can a machine make the conclusion that these examples are good enough for a particular issue at hand? How does one determine that a legal predicate not defined further by rules is clearly satisfied by the facts of a case being analyzed? How are past cases to be represented? How is the legal machine to represent the reason(s) for a decision? Which facts are to be considered relevant in determining the satisfaction of which legal predicate?
The author addresses these questions in this book, and even a reader not interested in the applications of artificial intelligence will gain good insights into the processes of legal reasoning. Legal conclusions for example can be divided into two classes, those that are the result of deductive reasoning and those that require the judge to select the `just' conclusion. A `just' conclusion is therefore to be distinguished from those arrived at deductively. This observation, if valid, definitely has ramifications for the building of legal machines, since deductive reasoning patterns are fairly easy to implement in machines. But the concept of a `just' conclusion would be a challenge for a machine implementation.
As brought out in the book, any kind of reasoning pattern utilized by a machine must be subject to constraints, these constraints being unique to the domain in which the machine reasons. In legal reasoning, this constraint takes the form of `stare decisis', which means that the machine must be able to make analogies and be aware of cases in the past. In addition, legal reasoning is `rule-guided', rather than rule-governed, and legal rules are heuristic in nature, generally have exceptions, and sometimes may contradict one another. Besides these constraints, the terms in legal discourse are what the author calls `open-textured,' in that the meaning of terms and predicates are inherently indeterminable. Legal questions frequently invite more than one answer, and these answers can change over time. Hence legal reasoning patterns must be able to adapt to a dynamic knowledge base.
According to the author, the strategy for a successful legal reasoning machine would involve the ability to distinguish between `hard' versus `easy' questions. The hard questions in legal discourse arise because of the existence of competing rules, unresolved predicates, and competing cases. The machine must be able to detect `hard' cases, and it could do this by using a collection of heuristics. One of these heuristics involves the use of what the author calls `common sense knowledge' (CSK) rules, which are to be distinguished from general human commonsense knowledge. If an answer can be derived using CSK rules and if there does not exist any objection to using this answer, then question is assumed to be `easy.' The second heuristic entails that if no answer about the satisfaction of a legal predicate can be defined using CSK rules, then the machine will search for cases that illustrate that the facts of the case at hand are actually an example of a situation that the legal predicate has covered in the past. The third states that if a tentative answer is derived using non-legal knowledge, then the machine will search for cases that call for the opposite answer.
To test and benchmark her strategy, the author works in the field of `offer and acceptance' and `contract law', and deals specifically with the case `Adams vs Lindsell'. To construct the reasoning patterns, she brings in a highly interesting construction that she calls a `augmented transition network' (ATN). An ATN represents the standard states in a contract situation and the interpretations of events are represented as links between the states. The ATN that she constructs has twenty-three sates, twenty legal rules, and one hundred generalized `fact patterns.' The latter are associated with each legal predicate, and can be supported by several cases.
The author gives detailed analysis of her approach, and remarks that its use has not produced situations wherein a `tentative' truth value is defeated. Several test problems are analyzed at the end of the book, these dealing mostly with how the reasoning patterns analyze events, and one that deals, interestingly, with legal study aids. From her conclusions it is readily apparent that legal reasoning is very difficult to implement in artificial intelligence, for the primary reason that deduction does not by itself determine the outcome of a case. Another reason is the role of legal precedent, which can give a new interpretation to the language of old rules.
The author also makes commentary on the future of legal artificial intelligence. Considering the progress made in this field since this book was published, especially in the use of knowledge engineering in the practice of law, one can be confident that legal machines will make their presence known in the courts, in legal philosophy, and in constitutional interpretation in the years to come.
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner PDF
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner EPub
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner Doc
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner iBooks
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner rtf
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner Mobipocket
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning (Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning), by Anne von der Lieth Gardner Kindle
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar